Modernity has posed various challenges to Islamic ideas and ideals. This has an impact on Muslim societies in various ways and as such has given rise to many modern trends in Islam in both thought and practice. The purpose of this module is to examine the impact of modernity on Muslim societies and the response Muslim thinkers and states have provided to the challenges of modernity. The module critically analyses and further assesses the following themes; the evolution of the discourse of modernity in the west; the ways in which such discourse was received in the Muslim countries; and the development of various social and intellectual trends in the Muslim world in the contemporary era.